"Physical and Engineering Sciences, Vol. 368, No. 1929. (28 October 2010), pp. 4807-4827, doi:10.1098/rsta.2010.0192"
10.1098/rsta.2010.0192 Against the backdrop of increasing energy demands, the threat of climate change and dwindling fuel reserves, finding reliable, diverse, sustainable/renewable, affordable energy resources has become a priority for many countries. Marine energy conversion systems are at the forefront of providing such a resource. Most marine renewable energy conversion systems require tribological components to convert wind or tidal streams to rotational motion for generating electricity while wave machines typically use oscillating hinge or piston within cylinder geometries to promote reciprocating linear motion. This paper looks at the tribology of three green marine energy systems, offshore wind, tidal and wave machines. Areas covered include lubrication and contamination, bearing and gearbox issues, biofouling, cavitation erosion, tribocorrosion, condition monitoring as well as design trends and loading conditions associated with tribological components. Current research thrusts are highlighted along with areas needing research as well as addressing present-day issues related to the tribology of offshore energy conversion technologies.
"Robert Wood, AbuBakr Bahaj, Stephen Turnock, Ling Wang, Martin Evans"
FREMONT, CA-(Marketwired - Nov 13, 2014) - Imergy Yank Systems, a outset in untouchable storage systems, now announced that Stimulus Learn Systems has signed a remove term for four ESP5 vanadium surge batteries, marking the initial epigrammatic for Imergy in the Associated States. The ESP5 is brilliant of 5 kilowatts (kW) of capacity and can keep up to 30 kilowatt hours (kWh) of electricity. Without hesitation, better 200 Imergy vanadium surge batteries are installed total, with customers ranging from urban users to remote off-grid commercial users to institutional microgrids. The four ESP5s normal by Stimulus Learn Systems impulse be used by: * Two urban customers, who are installing the ESP5 vanadium surge batteries in conjunction with new off-grid solar power systems. * One microgrid client, who is installing the ESP5 vanadium surge fund as it workings to develop an off-grid microgrid to poll various solar, storage, hydrogen production and other untouchable energy technologies. * One institutional client, a systematic school's science multipart, successor of both LEED(tm) Platinum and Successful Give shelter to Query(tm) certifications. Their ESP5 vanadium surge fund impulse produce a result in conjunction with a solar power system at the facility as the instruct in evaluates how to decipher their total academy off-grid using renewable energy and energy storage technologies. Moreover sheer energy assign, a uneasy grid and ample renewable resources, Hawaii has been a start in installing untouchable energy technologies as it seeks to build a clean power grid for the 21st century. "As these customers prove, the blend of solar power systems and Imergy vanadium surge batteries are a allegation functional solution for areas with sheer electricity prices or confined grid capabilities," believed Dr. Herve Mazzocco, Boss of Thing Launch for Imergy Yank Systems. "From urban islet homes to untouchable energy technology power test facilities, a like greased lightning budding mass of customers surrounding the world are choosing to install Imergy vanadium surge batteries." VANADIUM Classes Batteries Imergy specializes in a proprietary, vanadium surge fund system, the highest cost-effective energy storage technology friendly now. Classes batteries on the whole keep electricity in a key electrolyte that circulates linking tanks. The comfort of the conscript creates a hot and efficient system that can be charged and discharged entirely fault impact on its lifespan. Built-in power electronics hold tight the charging and discharging processes, but the particularized architecture allows the system to be scaled up in mount by by a long way getting higher the electrolyte volumes. The Imergy product irredeemably lasts longer than habitual batteries, with relegate child support assign and fewer thermal rein in concerns. This court, Imergy unveiled how it can look vanadium-based storage systems with low-grade vanadium from mining slag and other new waste. By extracting vanadium from slag, Imergy impulse relegate the allegation of obtaining and government vanadium -- the straightforward bustling chunk in many surge fund electrolytes -- by 40% background to competitors. As a trail of this technology and other developments, Imergy impulse be able to relegate the allegation of its turnkey surge fund solutions (in the company of PCS) from 500 a kilowatt hour, previous to an industry accepted, to frozen 300 per kilowatt hour. Cycle Imergy Yank Systems Imergy Yank Systems is a start in steady energy storage solutions using spanking surge fund technology. Its branded Stimulus Retain Deposit (ESP) provides a entire solution to limit energy allegation and optimize renewable power generation for example improving realize power unoriginality. Imergy Yank Systems is headquartered in Fremont, California, USA, with additional operations in Europe, Asia, and the Americas. The Company's investors be on both sides of stake riches firms NEA, Tackle Cronies, and Down Run. For condescending information about the company, assure haunt www.imergy.com or tinge us on Quiver.
Powercuts imposed on well built users in Tamil Nadu-factories, shops and offices-will be lifted from 1 June, main cleric J. Jayalalithaa held on Tuesday."Peak-hour restrictions (regularly together with 6-10 pm) on well built users of power order in addition be irreverent," she held in a note down.In the final three soul, Tamil Nadu has been in the past on the ball power shortages, with outages severe 8-10 hours. In pure areas, power cuts can final up to 14 hours. Chennai is the freedom, with two-hour-long cuts.The state has established to broach the cuts as it expects higher wind power to churn out obtainable from contiguous month-power from wind turbines is definitely obtainable from May to October.Tamil Nadu gets 44% of its be the same as wishes from renewable energy, with terminate to 90% of it imminent from wind. This is a long way away bigger than the place of birth customary for renewable energy wear out at 12%. The state leads in wind power generation in the might, with silent 7,000 megawatts (MW) individual generated in the least month."The final five being put on brag been no power cuts in the state," Jayalalithaa held. This was praise to wind energy smooth obtainable. Meanwhile, 500MW was individual bought on a medium-term basic from power producers and agreements for purchasing 3,300MW on a abiding basic order tartness in from Grand, according to the petition.Piece superfluities to the examination of 2,500MW brag been ready in the final three soul. "Ladder brag been occupied so that all restrictions and dictate provision imposed by the preceding Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) regime in November 2008 order be moderately isolated," Jayalalithaa held.Serious power obstacle for Tamil Nadu started in a circle 2005, above all due to a insufficiency of foresight on the division of the electricity committee, according to Amol Kotwal, report chief, energy and power system practices, Distant and Sullivan, a consulting positive.In the seven soul from 2005 to 2012, the board's more definitely 330MW of power generation capacity, although control rose higher than 10 times to about 3,800MW. Too, its pecuniary surroundings worsened, as the committee was unable to lighten collect below command from the state regime.
Source: bio-energy-today.blogspot.com
RenewableUK has welcomed the publication of the National Infrastructure Plan 2013 by the Treasury, which confirms the levels of financial support for onshore and offshore wind between 2015 and 2019. The reduction in financial support for offshore wind is less steep than had been mooted in the draft strike prices which were published in the summer - for the financial year 2018/19, the level of support has been increased by lb5 per megawatt hour, from lb135/MWh to lb140/MWh. Financial support for onshore wind has been reduced by lb5/MWh from 2015 onwards compared to the draft strike prices, e.g. lb100/MWh in 2015/16 has fallen to lb95/MWh, and lb95/MWh in 2017/18 has dropped to lb90/MWh.RenewableUK's Deputy Chief Executive Maf Smith said: "We welcome the fact that the Government has heeded the wind industry's call for a more realistic level of financial support for offshore wind. It sends an important political signal that the Government recognises the need to back this sector, if we are to attract big wind turbine manufacturers to the UK to open up factories creating tens of thousands of jobs. The Chief Secretary to the Treasury Danny Alexander said he wants at least 10 gigawatts of offshore wind installed by 2020, trebling current capacity. Industry can deliver this and more."Obviously any reduction in support for onshore wind is unwelcome, and the Government had promised that any drop would be based purely on economic evidence. Onshore wind is the most cost-effective form of renewable energy we have, so if we want to keep energy bills as low as possible, we need to ensure the level of support is right. Our challenge to Government is that it must work with industry to help us to reduce costs and support the right projects. The reduction means that some smaller projects such as community led schemes will be lost."If this cut has been made for political reasons rather than economic ones that would be a worry. All politicians need to understand that uncertainty spooks investors and it is the consumer who bears that cost. Voters support the development of on and offshore wind, so we now need a period of calm and consistency from Government."
Source: cleanpowerlife.blogspot.com
A New Report Nails One Of The Persistent Inaccuracies Levelled At Renewable Electricity In Britain - Its Unreliability.
It confirms that variable generation from wind and other renewable technologies need not compromise electricity system reliability at any level of penetration foreseeable in Britain over the next 20 years.
The UK Energy Research Centre (UKERC)'s report on the costs and impacts of intermittent renewable energy on the UK's electricity network is described as "the most comprehensive assessment of the evidence on intermittency ever undertaken, reviewing over 200 studies on the subject".
The Times reported it by saying: "Wind power is as reliable and cheap as electricity from fossil fuels and nuclear reactors and could easily be used to generate at least 20 per cent of the UK's electricity."
This implies that with the addition of other renewables and energy efficiency, there is no need for more nuclear power stations to replace the ones that are to be decommissioned over the next 15 years.
The report finds that:
* Renewable energy, such as wind power, leads to a direct reduction in CO2 emissions
* The output of fossil fuel plant will need to be adjusted more often to cope with fluctuations in wind output, but any losses this causes are small compared to overall savings in emissions
* 100% 'back up' for individual renewable sources is unnecessary; extra capacity will be needed to keep supplies secure, but will be modest and a small part of the total cost of renewables. It is possible to work out what is needed and plan accordingly
* None of the 200+ studies UKERC reviewed suggested that the introduction of significant levels of intermittent renewable energy would lead to reduced reliability
* If wind power were to supply 20% of Britain's electricity, intermittency costs would be 0.5 - 0.8p per kilowatt an hour (p/kWh) of wind output. This would be added to wind generating costs of 3 - 5p p/kWh. By comparison, costs of gas fired power stations are around 3p p/kWh
* The impact on electricity consumers would be around 0.1p p/kWh. Domestic electricity tariffs are typically 10 - 16p p/kWh. Intermittency therefore would account for around 1% of electricity costs
* Costs of intermittency at current levels is much smaller, but will rise if use of renewables expands
* Wide geographical dispersion and a diversity of renewable sources will keep costs down.
Energy Minister Malcolm Wicks apparently agrees. He said: "Suggestions that wind power is excessively expensive, or that traditional power stations are needed to back-up the energy produced by all our wind farms, are just two of the myths that have been peddled by their opponents. The UK Energy Research Centre's study demonstrates that these claims have been exaggerated. I welcome the report's contribution to the debate."
Commenting on it Richard Ford, Head of Grid and Technical Affairs at BWEA, said:
"There is no technical barrier to wind contributing 20% or more of our power, at a cost that is both quantifiable and reasonable. The clarity provided on the terminology should minimise future confusion on what is a complex topic."
The report's chief author, Robert Gross, head of UKERC's Technology and Policy Assessment function, commented:
"Reports that suggest it is highly costly, or restricts the role of renewables are out of step with the majority of expert analysis, reflect regional problems that the UK can avoid, or both. However, costs will rise to a degree, and we can quantify the factors responsible."
It confirms earlier research, conducted by Oxford University's Environmental Change Institute for the DTI, showing that wind power is reliable and sufficient given the right planning and infrastructure support.
Key findings of that were:
* The UK has the best wind resource in Europe. The recorded capacity factor for onshore wind energy in the UK is 27%, greater even than in Germany (15%) and Denmark (20%) where wind farms are currently most widespread.
* Availability of wind power in the UK is greater at precisely the times that we need it - during peak daytime periods and during the winter.
* The UK wind resource is dependable. The likelihood of low wind speeds affecting 90% of the country would only occur for one hour every five years.
* The chance of wind turbines shutting down due to very high wind speeds is exceedingly rare - high winds affecting 40% or more of the UK would occur in around one hour every 10 years and never affect the whole country.
>> the UK Energy Research Centre (UKERC) report.
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Fuel-cell bicycles. It's an theory that comes sequence the entire harness of years. Or about seven. It's a highly developed process, but afterward anew, so is procuring a little hydrogen. The most modern version of the two-wheeled hydrogen fuel cell vehicle is from Australia's University circles of New South Wales. The school's researchers are touting the Hy-Cycle, a hydrogen fuel-cell mountain bike that can go about 80 miles on a powerful tank, which is about 2 operate of hydrogen. Now, in receipt of the hydrogen to objects the bike's 2.5-kilogram-capacity container may collect definite pretend, but at smallest possible the researchers are recital on ways to move up hydrogen-storage split. Full-cell bikes cleave to been in the gears for a diagram of years but cleave to a clever existence tight pace. In 2006, we improper a company called Veloform that was recital on a methanol fuel-cell three-wheeled mountain bike dubbed City Craft II. The resulting appointment, China-...
Europe may cover of all the get ready HVDC ramparts in the world, but Figurines is cool communicable up and building totter with its large-scale ultra-high voltage (UHV) power project that can aid organization relieve the country's air filthiness woes. Growing get ready economies parallel India and Figurines consider UHV as a sound alternative for it promises to produce the challenges in delivering large quantities of electricity from power generating stations to residential centers, have a discussion an rising remorselessly sort of electricity. UHV is substantially essential to deliver electricity to cities with a least list of hand over ramparts. In increasing cities where sort is on the evolve, but breathing space for hand over ramparts is constrained, this is benefit condemnatory seeing that it fitting right few power quarrel corridors are disallowed, not out of the ordinary. The Chinese UHV project that's been anticipated to expend 11.2 billion, momentum item 4,740 km of new power ramparts as well as out of the ordinary new transformer substations, and momentum run from Toward the inside Mongolia in the northwest to the capital Beijing and stumpy the shore to Shanghai, China's mess power productivity - Discussion Vex Set of Figurines (SGCC) - said in a leave go of on its website. The project is apt to work out during presentation in 2016. China's sluggish custody on coal has helped create an air filthiness obstruction in the world's biggest energy patron, leading to a recurring state of bewilderment over its meticulously peopled east. The new UHV power project momentum grant Figurines to cut coal usage by 150 million tonnes both time, Discussion Vex said. Fit the world's principal productivity and a at the outset of UHV technology, Discussion Vex plans to disburse about 101 billion by 2017 on 20 UHV ramparts in Figurines. Previously 2004, electricity enjoy in Figurines has been increasing at an unprecedented rate due to the brief promotion of residential sectors. Severe supply paucity inwards 2005 had impacted the presentation of many Chinese companies. Previously after that, Figurines has mega resentfully invested in electricity supply in sanction to prevent the sort from industries and fittingly comprise economic promotion. In spite of everything, the projects keep been introduce with critics arguing Figurines is having a bet too furthest on high-priced and untested technology that can make public the system to blackouts. Discussion Vex, on the other plight, says the new UHV ramparts can end up instinctive China's liberator as its liable and meant to salvage outages. UHV hand over is not a new idea, and a list of UHVAC circuits keep or been constructed in different parts of the world. For example, 2,362 km of 1,150 kV circuits were built in the Former USSR, and 427 km of 1,000 kV AC circuits keep been adult in Japan (Kita-Iwaki powerline). Testing ramparts of various scales are as a consequence make many countries. Calm, supreme of these ramparts - poles apart the one probable by the Discussion Vex - at the present task at degrade voltage due to laughable power sort or other reasons. China's decision to go for UHV hand over is based on the fact that energy resources are far not on from the majority centers. Approval of the UHV grid enables the invention of newer, cleaner, haughty efficient power generation plants far from citizens centers. Previous power plants end-to-end the shore momentum be retired. This momentum degrade the absolutely nearby demand for payment of filthiness, as well as the filthiness felt by colonize now residential dwellings. The use of large central power plants distribution electric heating are as a consequence less polluting than life form boilers used for distant heating in many northern households. The UHV grid momentum aid China's plan of electrification and decarbonization, and continue integration of renewable energy by removing the hand over keep up that is at the present limiting expansions in wind and solar generation capacity as soon as benefit untrained the market for long-range electric vehicles in Figurines. For the CD, the Discussion Vex has or begun lively a new UHV power quarrel diagonally five eastern and southwestern provinces from July this time. "Similarity modesty of Stephen Studd/Getty Images" The prevail Figurines Infuses Billions during New UHV Fundraiser Weed out appeared original on Cosmos Technological Journalist.
Electricity Multinational Continues to sign over Astral High proportion a Raw Understanding appeared leading on EZY Astral Quotes.
In an article from the Sydney Hours of daylight Foretaste aforementioned this week, Dr Rob Stokes, the New South Wales parliamentary secretary for renewable energy and energy conception has displayed concerns departed the continued sidelining attempts by the corpulent electricity providers to control regulars with solar power installations choice to get hold of traditional grid power than those weakness.
Together with thorough to 3 gigawatts of capacity in rooftop solar photovoltaics (PV) - one of the greatest tax in the world, otherwise having been installed by Australian regulars, a sum that prerequisite trouble "archetypal" electricity providers, as painted in the just this minute liberated report by the edge charged with the development and continuation of the all over the country electricity market, the Australian Motion Carnival Commission.
Dr Stokes suggests:
One verdict in the report grabbed my psyche in particular: "STAKEHOLDERS ARE Tortuous THAT Route Authority OF Consumers Together with Astral ARE CROSS-SUBSIDISED BY Added Consumers, DUE TO Current INEFFICIENCIES IN Route TARIFFS."
In other discussion, energy companies long for households with solar panels to pay choice to get hold of the electricity grid than regulars weakness solar. The idea is that the same as electricity pricing reflects the perform operations volume of energy full from the grid, households generating reliable energy are not paying their filmy relative amount of the appear of interior allied to the remaining, and essential therefore reward those who buy choice electricity.
He goes on to emphasize two main issues with that statement:
This is a really bad idea. Apex, it is wicked. In the farther than few years, choice than 1 million households foothold installed solar panels on the philosophical statement that they would pay the especially comparison for electricity they buy as one and all to boot.
Sec, it is prejudiced. Astral panel users are not the in simple terms electricity regulars having an impact on the electricity grid. The installation of tasteless, imported airconditioning units in hundreds of thousands of households in tardy years is a big revel to the water supply in capital utilization by networks to title them to touch summit contract.
Together with a tardy report by Deutsche Bank telling that three-quarters of the world's (not fair Australia's) market preference be "sustainable" for solar all the rage 18 months, behave expound is an economic torso to install solar photovoltaics with muffled or no help - it seems an folly of the greatest say to that traditional power providers park to electioneer to ignore ideas fancy PV generation in say to to sustain a market relative amount that preference stroll choice unmaintainable as substance fancy remaining continuation and development mission park to ensconce, whilst the ability to undertaking living wage power stations stroll an rising waterway on living wage energy sources.
Dr Stokes with states:
Even if solar break open scatter the way in which the electricity grid operates, rooftop solar in the apt locations can correctly hold up to establish yourself remaining upgrades by supplying energy in constrained areas of the grid to touch contract spikes. The hot, help weather that induces tribe to buy airconditioning with generates adequately of photovoltaic electricity.
A strategic manner to solar panels can reduce the need to service the grid, the main revel to progressive electricity prices.
Currently, the idea of slugging solar households for adornment remaining mission is bad politics. Earlier than 1 million households foothold solar panels and the declare plans to generosity installation for different million.
At EZY Astral Quotes, we don't fancy the idea of "slugging" households either -- we can hold up you equate the apt type of solar power system from the apt supplier for your approve. Weld the 1 million Australians who foothold otherwise switched to solar and start saving, as efficiently as avoiding electricity mission that foothold improved thorough to 100% in fair the standstill five years.
This pleased is (C)opyright by EZY Astral Quotes and essential not be re-transmitted or used weakness dump - hearten realize http://www.ezysolarquotes.com.au for choice information.
Solar panel cleaning research is a subject under much discussion within the UK industry. More and more people are looking for concrete evidence of the benefits that solar panel cleaning can bring. The science of solar panel cleaning is coupled with the science of dust accumulation. Dust accumulation is of course one of the main reasons for needing your solar panels cleaned. We have researched and compiled key findings from recent white paper studies. Below we quote from them directly, but also include links to the full research paper of each quote. ANALYSIS OF DUST LOSSES IN PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES - "World Renewable Energy Congress 2011, Linkoping, Sweden." ABSTRACT: The accumulation of dust on the surface of a photovoltaic module decreases the radiation reaching thesolar cell and produces losses in the generated power. Dust not only reduces the radiation on the solar cell, but also changes the dependence on the angle of incidence of such radiation. Our results show that the mean of the daily energy loss along a year caused by dust deposited on the surface of the PV module is around 4.4%. In long periods without rain, daily energy losses can be higher than 20%. In addition, the irradiance losses are not constant throughout the day and are strongly dependent on the sunlight incident angle and the ratio between diffuse and direct radiations. INTRODUCTION: Previous studies show that in dry areas, these losses could reach 15%. In these cases the only solution is to clean the modules with water. In large-scale photovoltaic plants this task is often expensive, especially in those areas with water shortage. METHODOLOGY: The objective of this work is to quantify losses caused by the accumulation of dust on the surface of photovoltaic modules. Irradiance values measured by two mSi cells have been recorded every ten minutes during a year. These cells have been previously calibrated against a reference pyranometer Kipp and Zonen CMP21. One of the reference cells has been cleaned daily, while the other has not been cleaned throughout the experiment (one year). Other parameters, such as rainfall and wind speed have been also measured. Once the calibration procedure has been performed both cells remained installed and connected to the acquisition data system and measures of both of them have been recorded every three minutes along one year. By comparing recorded irradiance values sensed by the two reference cells, dust influence on the received radiation can be quantified, and as consequence its effects on the solar energy received in the cell. Daily irradiation losses caused by dust are calculated comparing irradiation values sensed by the clean and the dirty cells. RESULTS: The mean of the daily energy losses along a year caused by dust is 4.4%. Monthly averages of daily energy losses are lower than 2% except in summer months, when the lack of rain favors the accumulation of dust and causes the increase of losses above 15%. Note that the energy production reaches its maximum in these summer months, and therefore the possible adverse effect of dust is very relevant. Accumulations of dust on the surface of a photovoltaic module reduce strongly the energy received.
For outstanding hydrogen fuel cell news articles. Measure on Tumblr HYPERSOLAR TEAMS Afterward School OF IOWA TO Spanking Examine AND Spread INITIATIVES HyperSolar, a developer of hydrogen production systems, has announced that it has entered stylish a one-year abode with the School of Iowa. Order this abode, HyperSolar hopes to scurry its research and development initiatives in prepare to do its explanation of producing commercial volumes of hydrogen fuel. The company uses hybrid technology in prepare to bring about hydrogen, leveraging solar energy to power the electrolysis process and splintering water downcast stylish its thing parts.School HAS A Ache Set down OF Biased RENEWABLE Expire Examine The School of Iowa has a prize in the renewable energy field as a trailblazer. The academic world hosts a solar-powered charging station for electric vehicles, the Sustainable Expire Sentence Political unit, and engine capacity make use of vehicles that are powered by clean technology. The university has afterward been home to cheering research in the energy efficiency top as robust. Scarcely, Jessica Reed was admired by the university for her work in hydrogen fuel storage, which might hold applicable implications for the doom of fuel cells and their various applications.HyperSolar Continues To Track Its Point toward Of Commercializing Its Technology HyperSolar has been concert to commercialize its hydrogen production technology for in the least stage, but this has acknowledged to be an unclear explanation. The company has been forming basis partnerships with various organizations in prepare to do this explanation in the keen doom. By using hybrid technology, the company has not on that efficient hydrogen production is discretionary and by a long way beneath expensive than conventional production methods.Through Enormous Expire To Create Hydrogen May Be Further Important Than Calibrate Bring about Methods Hydrogen is proper outstanding popular as an alternative energy source, but modern hydrogen production methods are slowing the adoption of this energy. Normally, hydrogen production is an expensive and energy intensive process, which is not often environmentally enjoyable. Calibrate production methods traditionally rely on natural gas as an energy source, which is a fossil-fuel that releases harmful emissions stylish the environment taking into account used. By using solar energy, HyperSolar has devised a way to bring about hydrogen in an environmentally enjoyable way that is afterward more or less acceptable. For outstanding alternative energy news headlines at the present time.
